Here is another paper showing that active AFP causes the shift from M1 to Mw : Zhang M, Liu K, Zhang Q, Xu J, Liu J, Lin H, Lin B, Zhu M, Li M. Alpha fetoprotein promotes polarization of macrophages towards M2-like phenotype and inhibits macrophages to phagocytize hepatoma cells. Front Immunol. 2023 Feb 23;14:1081572. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1081572.
In the Patterson protocol which seems to have worked well in 18 PASC patients [Patterson BK, Yogendra R, Guevara-Coto J, Mora-Rodriguez RA, Osgood E, Bream J, Parikh P, Kreimer M, Jeffers D, Rutland C, Kaplan G, Zgoda M. Case series: Maraviroc and pravastatin as a therapeutic option to treat long COVID/Post-acute sequelae of COVID (PASC). Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Feb 8;10:1122529. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1122529.] statins are combined with maraviroc (CCR5 antagonist). Apparently maraviroc may be a potent AFP antagonist according to this paper [Kimberly JA et al., Mitochondrial dysfunction reactivates alpha-fetoprotein expression that drives copper-dependent immunosuppression in mitochondrial disease models. J Clin Invest January 3, 2023; 133 (1): e154684 https://doi.org/ 10.1172/JCI154684.] where they state
“Dysfunctional mitochondria induces AFP that with copper activates cell death in CD8 T cells by interacting with CCR5.” Accordingly AFP antagonists would likely reverse the loss of CD8 T cells associated with PASC as well as chronic fatigue syndrome as has been reported by Dr. Patterson’s group. (NB: Copper activates AFP while zinc inactivates AFP). Many papers have reported that maraviroc causes M2 macrophages to revert back to the protective M1. So while this promising Patterson protocol seems to validate Image 1, the second component, statin which may block M0 to M1 is perhaps unexpected. However, it seems it may be necessary to start the reversion of endothelial inflammation. For example, perhaps one has to stop the main pathogenic effect of S1 protein by eliminating its target (CD14+CD16+ intermediate monocytes). On the other hand, Patterson states statins reduce inflammation of endothelial cells as does maraviroc. Patterson reminds us that PASC does not involve replication competent SARS-CoV-2 so that the selective and short term use of 'anti-inflammatories' for 6 weeks may not be as deleterious to the host as one might expect. So the use of anti-inflammatories may be needed for recovery from PASC but we need to be selective about which ones.
Thank You again, Dr. Laderoute. The revision is much clearer.
Here is another paper showing that active AFP causes the shift from M1 to Mw : Zhang M, Liu K, Zhang Q, Xu J, Liu J, Lin H, Lin B, Zhu M, Li M. Alpha fetoprotein promotes polarization of macrophages towards M2-like phenotype and inhibits macrophages to phagocytize hepatoma cells. Front Immunol. 2023 Feb 23;14:1081572. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1081572.
In the Patterson protocol which seems to have worked well in 18 PASC patients [Patterson BK, Yogendra R, Guevara-Coto J, Mora-Rodriguez RA, Osgood E, Bream J, Parikh P, Kreimer M, Jeffers D, Rutland C, Kaplan G, Zgoda M. Case series: Maraviroc and pravastatin as a therapeutic option to treat long COVID/Post-acute sequelae of COVID (PASC). Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Feb 8;10:1122529. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1122529.] statins are combined with maraviroc (CCR5 antagonist). Apparently maraviroc may be a potent AFP antagonist according to this paper [Kimberly JA et al., Mitochondrial dysfunction reactivates alpha-fetoprotein expression that drives copper-dependent immunosuppression in mitochondrial disease models. J Clin Invest January 3, 2023; 133 (1): e154684 https://doi.org/ 10.1172/JCI154684.] where they state
“Dysfunctional mitochondria induces AFP that with copper activates cell death in CD8 T cells by interacting with CCR5.” Accordingly AFP antagonists would likely reverse the loss of CD8 T cells associated with PASC as well as chronic fatigue syndrome as has been reported by Dr. Patterson’s group. (NB: Copper activates AFP while zinc inactivates AFP). Many papers have reported that maraviroc causes M2 macrophages to revert back to the protective M1. So while this promising Patterson protocol seems to validate Image 1, the second component, statin which may block M0 to M1 is perhaps unexpected. However, it seems it may be necessary to start the reversion of endothelial inflammation. For example, perhaps one has to stop the main pathogenic effect of S1 protein by eliminating its target (CD14+CD16+ intermediate monocytes). On the other hand, Patterson states statins reduce inflammation of endothelial cells as does maraviroc. Patterson reminds us that PASC does not involve replication competent SARS-CoV-2 so that the selective and short term use of 'anti-inflammatories' for 6 weeks may not be as deleterious to the host as one might expect. So the use of anti-inflammatories may be needed for recovery from PASC but we need to be selective about which ones.
Thank You, Dr. Laderoute.
It is very difficult to get helpful direction in treating this now common, but forbidden-to-mention chronically impairing medical condition.
;-(
This is the base-resource for medical practitioners: https://covid19criticalcare.com/protocol/i-recover-post-vaccine-treatment/